Analysis Of PPE Reporting In Financial Report Of Adairs - Samples

Question: Examine about the Analysis Of PPE Reporting In Financial Report Of Adairs. Answer: Presentation So as to infer the image of generally speaking budgetary execution of an organization at certain purpose of time, the monetary report assumes crucial job. The presence of money related report further relies upon the procedure of budgetary bookkeeping. In the monetary bookkeeping, process budgetary information of any related business are assembled, recorded, summed up and detailed. The hour of report can be current time or over a specific time. Thefinance report is a definitive aftereffect of the money related bookkeeping procedure and it has different clarifications and articulations in type of notes that delineate the usable t budgetary state of any business association. The announcements of the report are comprised of monetary records, money moderate proclamation and salary explanation (Miller Power, 2013). The fiscal reports are introduced in the informative notes that attention on explanation of issues identified with utilization of stock, difference in value of the proprietor, p ossibilities in obligation and other material viewpoints identified with business. This report centers around the effects applied by cost bookkeeping approach of money related revealing that incites a standard of conduct of dodging revaluation of the hidden resource and liabilities of any business on its monetary exhibitions. The components that drive such inspiration of the executives of the association are likewise indentified and talked about further introducing investigation of PPE announcing in budgetary report of Adairs, an Australian home outfitting retailer organization with assessment. Components ruining revaluation of plant, property and value: Money related bookkeeping of any business activity incorporates different measure to assess the estimation of the basic resources and types of gear. These estimations should be possible receiving reasonable worth methodology, cost model methodology revaluation approach, etc. The reasonable worth money related bookkeeping joins the present market estimation of any as far as costs, pay and cost to survey the inborn estimation of advantages of the association (Argyres Zenger, 2012). Under this benefits and liabilities of firm are re-assessed that mirrors the adjustment in their after some time esteems. One of the string highlights of this methodology is the extent of revaluation after some time catching the right changed an incentive with expanding time. Cost model then again manages the way toward conveying monetary bookkeeping from the point of view of cost that is cost related realities and information are controlled so as to asses and report the estimation of the benefits and liabilities. Examination, synopsis and assessment of a wide range of included expense in nay business is embraced in the cost bookkeeping strategy. This is one of the segment concocted to give counsel to the board with respect to appropriate activities that follows cost productive and fit methodologies. Since a large portion of the firm receive cost model over reasonable worth methodology, there is general propensity with respect to maintaining a strategic distance from revaluation of the advantages and liabilities. What components drive their such inspiration can be deciphered by the increase they get in wording bed sparing and acquiring more benefit by indicating lesser benefit of basic resource in the money related report (Kulikova, Sokolov, Ivanovskaya Akhmedzyanova, 2015).. Lesser revaluation prompts lower estimation of benefits after some time and lower proportion of different factors as uncovered in the report. This permits the firm to smother the status of limit full usage of the assets. Higher usage of the assets requests more prominent beneficial result and more prominent income created from the deals. Higher the income, higher is the uncovered pay of the organizations which require higher installments of expenses identified with pay, calling and business. So charge shirki ng and cost sparing so as to catch higher benefit out of produced income is one of the thought processes driving behind such choice of maintaining a strategic distance from revaluation. Another thought process can be uncovering lower estimation of benefit purposefully all together maintain a strategic distance from or diminish the profit installment. Lesser estimation of profit and lesser return made to investors really let the organization catch higher capital increase under their ownership that may be used in different purposes, for example, venture for extension or development. Impact of dodging revaluation: The issues exuding from use of cost bookkeeping approach in money related bookkeeping is that as a matter of first importance cost recording catch just the past exhibitions though the choices which are produced using the are of future by the administration. Cost are ever changing and no expense of a year ago would stay same that of with this year so cost information are of unstable nature thus not that solid to be joined in the administration model (Pinto, Henry, Robinson Stowe, 2015). Expenses are impression of limit use Suppression of use status or underutilized assets can have more prominent effect on the cost outcomes henceforth changing the cost structure. Cost approach isn't generally impression of genuine activities occurring, as different costs of budgetary characters are excluded from the bookkeeping framework. Here costs and estimations of benefit may not catch the genuine impression of the costs and economic situation in neighborhood and worldwide zones. This procedure consolidates ingestion of cost at rates decided before which further prompts over or under retention of the overheads. Cost bookkeeping requires establishment of numerous records of costing and furthermore their support (Christensen, Glover Wood, 2012). This brings about higher use that is adverse to the benefit of the business. All the data radiating from this methodology helps in taking significant choices of the administration. Postponements in the getting data hamper the decisional nature of the supervisory crew. The framework is additionally incurred with unbending nature in the activities. Since the firm keeps away from revaluation of benefits it calls for different disservices that maintaining a strategic distance from revaluation applies on the business procedures. The more prominent advantage of utilizing revaluation is true data about current market valuation and activities can be determined which are fundamental for the business to know so as to build business methodologies embrace arranging (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn Howieson, 2015).. Revaluation approach manages reasonable worth contrasted with cost model that make contemplations of cost attempted at the origin of the undertaking. Distinction in the valuation of benefits and obligation prompts uncertainty with respect to what financing is to be kept up to meet the expense of them, which may result into bombed wasteful administration choice. Appropriation of reasonable incentive in the revaluation stops control of the organizations in the detailed total compensations. Because of absence of revaluation firm may deliberately orchestrate some benefit removal to diminish operational total compensation purposefully or to show such in the report so as to maintain a strategic distance from liabilities of higher salary. In the event that more liabilities are appeared with lesser resource downplaying the limit use and valuation of fundamental usable resources then the business thusly makes issue for its own which hampers its administrative execution and development by and large. Effect of keeping away from revaluation on abundance of investors: The revaluation monitors the current valuation according to the economic situation and activity. With time showcase situation changes with changed pointers like value level, cost, etc. On the off chance that these additional time changes are not identified, dissected and used in type of data the organization is running wastefully. Firms staying away from revaluation approach for evaluating monetary execution intend to shroud the genuine salary level of the organization (Blankespoor, Linsmeier, Petroni Shakespeare, 2013). The thought process behind concealment or concealing lies in the craving of the firm to lessen installment of profit to the investors. The investors who have put resources into the organization and acquires benefit dependent on the yearly execution of the organization as far as development of income and benefit age, gets influenced if the salary of the organization is altered. Less salary originate from less resource valuation and more prominent risk detailed in the fiscal report. This outcomes in detailing of lesser benefit age and henceforth lesser worth net resource backing per of the investors. This disposes of the measure of their benefit. According to the budgetary term, benefit gathering prompts capital and riches building which gets hampered thus. Assessment of PPE revealing in Financial Statement of Adairs: Adairs, an Australian home outfitting retailer organization has been decided to talk about the segments of the budget report. The organization assesses the types of gear and plants following verifiable methodology of cost. The devaluation are amassed and misfortunes because of impedance are deducted from it. Estimation of devaluation is done dependent on the straight line approach applied on the life of the advantage and its handiness. At each revealing date, the leftover qualities, techniques with respect to devaluation and utility of the life of benefits are assessed and announced. Derecognition assumes significant job and removal is directed after derecognition. Parts of property are derecognised and arranged when there is no extent of monetary advantage or utility emerges later on from their further use or to dispose of it. The benefit or misfortunes exuding from the procedure of derecognition are determined through a taking out the distinction between the natural worth the advantages have and net procedures of the removal. All figure identified with the addition or misfortune are recorded and expressed in the yearly salary report of the organization. The organization faces obligation of making installment to the value holders and the method of conveyance follows money and cashless. The dispersion must be approved and avoided from the judgment of the organization. In value relating esteem is perceived. Appropriations barring money are estimated following reasonable v

How the 2016 Republican Primaries Worked

How the 2016 Republican Primaries Worked The 2016 presidential political decision was prominent for some reasons, not the least of which was the result. Significant changes to the Republican essential framework made in the wake of the 2012 political decision were expected to accelerate the competitor choice procedure. Be that as it may, it didnt very work out that way. What Happened in 2012 Gathering rules set up before the 2012 presidential electionâ lengthenedâ the measure of time it took the inevitable chosen one to make sure about the 1,144 representatives fundamental for the designation. The main three candidates, Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum, and Newt Gingrich, were secured a tight race until the end, when Utah held the remainder of the primaries in the country on June 26. The gathering show was held a month later in Tampa, Florida. That November, Romney lost by a wide edge to President Barack Obama, giving Obama aâ second term in the White House. After two years, Republican Party pioneers met to draft rules for the 2016 primaries. Their main concern was keeping away from another drawn-out essential fight that would constrain the possible chosen one to invest a lot of energy and cash guarding himself from assaults by individuals from his own gathering. Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus put it along these lines in 2014: We have been stating for a considerable length of time that we were done going to lounge around and permit ourselves to cut up for a half year, take an interest in a carnival of discussions, that we were going to grab hold by and by of our obligation at the Republican National Committee since we are the caretakers of the selection procedure, he said. The 2016 Primaries Per custom, Iowa Republicans casted a ballot first; they caucused on Feb. 1, 2016, and gave Texas Sen. Ted Cruz a thin success over Donald Trump, 28 percent to 24 percent. Barely seven days after the fact, New Hampshires GOP held the countries first essential on Feb. 9. Trump won an ordering 35 percent of the vote. Ohio Gov. John Kasich, who might hound Trump all through the battle, came in just short of the leader with 19 percent of the vote. South Carolina and Nevada casted a ballot soon thereafter, and Trump won the two states. In any case, Sens. Marco Rubio of Florida and Ted Cruz likewise progressed admirably. The ground was set for a quick, merciless essential battle paving the way to the July 18 start of the national convention.â Since Iowa and New Hampshire watch their first-in-the-country status so beyond a reasonable doubt, the GOP decides ensured that any states that attempted to cast a ballot sooner than these eventual rebuffed by losing delegates at the national show. Triumphs in these early states would likewise give an early lift to the champs. When March started, the pace stimulated. States holding their primaries between March 1 and March 14 needed to grant their agents on a corresponding premise, implying that nobody up-and-comer could probably win the assignment before late-casting a ballot states held their primaries. States deciding on March 15, 2016, or later could grant their agents on a champ take-all premise, which means up-and-comers will probably give more consideration to them.â As the weeks wore on, the challenge came down to Trump and Cruz, with Kasich a far off if vocal third. When the Indiana Republican essential occurred on May 3, it was clear that Trump would win the designation after Cruz came in second in that challenge and in this manner dropped out of the race. Trump authoritatively crossed the agent limit of 1,237 when he won the North Dakota essential on May 26. Fallout Donald Trump proceeded to win the presidential political decision that November ​and the Republican Party kept up its control of the two places of Congress. However even before the political decision, some gathering heads were at that point discussing changes to the 2020 essential framework. Among them was a proposition to permit just enrolled Republicans a vote. Trump won primaries in both South Carolina and Nevada to some degree in light of the fact that the two states allowed independents to cast a ballot. As of August 2017, the GOP hasnt yet actualized these changes.

Annotated Bibliography And Essay Example

Annotated Bibliography And Essay Example Annotated Bibliography And Essay â€" Essay Example > Current Approaches to the Successful Education of Children with Communication DisordersINTRODUCTION Communication impairments affect approximately 10% of childrenworldwide and have a very significant impact on education (seehttp: //www. cincinnatichildrens. org/health/info/speech/diagnose/communication tm). In recent years, researchers and educators have made great strides in determining the causes of communication impairment and effective interventions and educational approaches that may maximise communication skills. Among these approaches are inclusive classrooms that utilize novel educational tools to mainstream many students with communication disorders to enhance their educational and social development. Types and Causes of Communication Impairment Communication disorders encompass a broad spectrum of impairments that may affect speech, hearing and language (Lue, 2001). Mild forms of impairment include stuttering and difficulties with speech articulation and pronunciation. M ore severe communication disorders include aphasia, the inability to speak as well as severe auditory impairment and neurological disorders that affect verbal Communication (Chakrabarti Fombonne, 2001) Among the documented causes of communication disorders are (Learning Disabilities Association of America, 2006): Mental retardation, from Cri-du-chat, Gilles du Tourette and others; Brain injury, including cerebral palsy; Mental retardation; Structural abnormalities of the mouth or face; Hearing loss or impairment; Psychiatric or emotional disorders, including schizophrenia and autism; Developmental disorders; Ischaemic injury such as stroke; Dementia; Excessive alcohol; Emotional or behavioural disorders. Neurological disorders. In many individual cases, however, the cause of communication disorders cannot be precisely identified. “The factors that cause children not to speak are extremely varied. They cannot be reduced to psychological conflict. Nor should we be content to seek an explanation in the neurological side effects of trauma or cognitive failures. All these play some part, but the surest way to bypass a real understanding is to seize upon a single kind of explanation to the exclusion of all others” (Danon-Boileau, 2001, p . 2). Disorders of speech The acquisition of speech involves developmental processes that occur in the early years of life, and require the coordinated use of musculature of the mouth, jaw, neck, chest and abdomen (Lue, 2001). It is estimated that, by the age of 5 years, 5% of children have speech disorders, usually of unknown aetiology (Danon-Boileau, 2001, p. 32). The more common disorders of speech include (Lue, 2001). Dysfluency, characterized by uneven or interrupted flow of speech. Stuttering is the most severe dysfluency that generally occurs during the process of speech development between 2 and 6 years and frequently, but not always, disappears after this developmental stage. The most common dysfluency of childhood i s disarticulation, which involves a failure to pronounce certain sounds appropriately. Disarticulations are a normal part of speech development; however, when they persist beyond the age of 4 or 5 years, intervention may be required. Symptoms of dysfluency include (Lue, 2001): Speech deficit such as stuttering, word repetitions, mumbling; Frustration and/or embarrassment in speaking. Symptoms of articulation deficiencies may include (Lue, 2001): Unintelligible speech (age 3 years)Mispronunciation of consonants or vowels (age 4 years)Distortions and abnormal or absent word patternsVoice disorders involve abnormalities of the pitch, loudness or cadence of speech. This may make communication very difficult, and is often associated with hearing Impairments. Voice sounds are produced by the flow of air from the lungs to vibrate the vocal cords. Voice disorders result from abnormalities in this process, which may result from vocal cord dysfunction.

Discuss Auteurist Theory in Relation to at Least Two Film Directors. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2254 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? This essay will define and explore the inception and development of auteurist approaches to cinema the conceit that a film may be said to have an individual author in the manner of a book or a stage play, and that such authorship should be ascribed to the films director. Two directors will be used as case studies to illustrate the points being made: Martin Scorsese, and Stephen Frears. Scorseses work will be analysed to better understand how auteur status might be aligned with a director, as well as probing the possible limitations of such an approach, and Frears will be invoked as a significant British film director who has worked extensively in both UK and Hollywood cinema, who is critically and commercially successful, yet refutes the concept of auteurism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss Auteurist Theory in Relation to at Least Two Film Directors." essay for you Create order Authorship became an intellectual consideration initially with the politique des auteurs developed by French film critics in the immediate post-Second World War years. It developed largely in the pages of the influential film periodical Cahiers du Cinema. The politique, less a fully-conceived theory of popular film than a concordance of critical opinion, sought to position film in line with literature, theatre and classical music by identifying with an essentially literary and Romantic conception of the artist as the central, even the sole source of meaning in a text, as Stoddart (1995, p. 39) indicates. Theorist Alexandre Astrucs 1948 article The birth of a new avant-garde: la camera-stylo outlined, as Stoddart (1995, p. 39) goes on to summarise, three important considerations for the approach: First, that cinema has obtained an equivalence to literature, or any other art form of profundity or meaning. Second, that it is constituted through a new and unique language; and, third, that this situation affords directors a means of personal expression. FranÃÆ' §ois Truffaut developed this in his 1948 Cahiers article Une certain Tendence du Cinema Francais. Truffaut here identified the main problems he saw with French film. Dismissing it as le cinema de papa, and of pursuing a tradition de la qualite, he accused it of being script-led, redolent of safe psychology, lacking in social realism and of being produced by the same old scriptwriters and film-makers whose time was up, as Hayward (1996, p. 14) indicates. The politique advocated a refocus onto mise-en-scene, the visual aspects of cinema, rather than the verbal aspects privileged to date. Following this approach, it would be possible to make both aesthetic judgments about the film, and assign to directors an authorial signature. The politique drew a distinction between auteurs, directors who demonstrated their own creativity and personal stylistic and thematic voice, particularly within the constraints of the Hollywood production system, and those who functioned only as competent practitioners of the technical and organisational aspects of film direction, dubbed metteurs-en-scene. These latter directors, as Stoddart (1995, p. 40) shows were seen as craftsmen rather than artists, (William Wyler and Fred Zinneman are cited). Recognised auteurs included the likes of Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, John Ford and Sam Fuller (Hayward, 1996, p. 15). Among American film directors, Martin Scorsese may be seen as one who is auteurist. Phillips (2007) deconstructs the 1977 Scorsese-directed New York, New York as a case study of the applicability of a range of theoretical approaches to cinema. For Phillips (2007, p. 17), the Scorsese auteur structure is assembled deductively from the films Martin Scorsese has directed; in other words, generalities across a career are deduced, then applied retrospectively back to the individual film text. Scorsese has collaborated extensively with leading actor Robert de Niro, who is the male lead of New York, New York. S corseses movies typically deal with Italian-American experience and with New York as a setting; elements that are reflected in this text. Many Scorsese-directed films are inflected with crime and gangster genre elements (other Scorsese crime genre films include Mean Streets, Goodfellas, Casino, The Departed); though New York, New York is also generically a musical, there is this thematic subtext to the film too. Phillips (2007, p. 19) identifies a range of thematic concerns common to other Scorsese-directed films that appear in New York, New York, including: a strong focus on masculinity, on awkward male attitudes towards women, on Catholic guilt, on violence as a flawed solution to problems. Phillips (2007, p. 19) also notes the use of formal aspects of cinema that recur across Scorseses films: a quasi-documentary mode of representation, the use of mobile cameras, the interplay of popular music and visuals to create meaning and mood. These kinds of observations may be amplified by reference to biographical information concerning Martin Scorsese (Phillips, 2007, p. 19). These include his Catholic background provid[ing] useful corroborating evidence, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ personal statements such as that in which he says that as a boy he wished to be either a priest or a gangster (Phillips, 2007, pp. 19-20). By the early 1960s, the politique des auteurs had fallen out of cachet in France (partly a direct effect of former Cahiers writers like Truffaut, Claude Chabrol and Jean-Luc Godard having turned to direction themselves) , though it was continued in Anglo-American criticism, in British periodical Movie, and significantly, by American critic Andrew Sarris. Sarris developed the French position into what he termed an auteur theory. Sarris sought a meaningful coherence between directors as artists and their work (Stoddart, 1995, p. 42). Directorial ability was seen as being comprised of what Sarris saw, according to Mast, Cohen and Braudy (1992, p. 587) as t hree concentric circles: the outer circle as technique; the middle circle, personal style; and the inner circle, personal meaning. These corresponded to the director as technician, as stylist, and as artist respectively. Over time, a director could move through these circles, in either direction, and their status thus diagnosed. Sarris constructed a pantheon of great American directors, among which he listed John Ford, Orson Welles, D W Griffith and Howard Hawks. Auteurist theories as expressed above are significant in that they examined popular cultural forms with serious scrutiny, though this was done not to understand the popular but what Lapsley and Westlake (1988, p. 107) understand to attempt to elevate one small sectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to the status of high art. The consideration of mise-en-scene is important in that it laid the ground work for studies of the specifically cinematic. However, as Lapsley and Westlake (1988, p. 109) conclude, there is something perhaps trivial about auteurism, which is both faddish and elitist. There seems to be little engagement with social realities, any examination of cinemas engagement with the real world is replaced by questions of ranking and relative worth of directors. Questions of the collaborative nature of cinema, of the industrial aspects of commercial film production and exhibition are not dealt with. Similar omissions are made with regard to the role of the audience. At best, auteur theory here sees two types of spectator: the mass audience member who receives the directors intent without question, and the aware cineaste, who both perceives the intent, and relishes the ways it is conveyed cinematically. Sarris, for example, was criticised (Stoddart, 1995, p. 43) for constructing little more than a personal list of favourites, employing a quasi-rational system that made little objective sense. Hayward (1996) usefully breaks author-based theories into three phases. The first phase, as outlined above, concei ves the author-role as that of the director, and this as being central to the production of meaning. Haywards second phase is that of the interaction of auteur theories with structuralism in the 1960s. Hayward identifies a third phase, that of 1970s post-structuralism, which is discussed in the section below. Author-based theories were allied with French structuralism in the mid-1960s. As Hayward (1996, p. 16) points out, this impetus came not from within film, but from the attentions of semioticians and structuralists, and it was unquestionably their work that has legitimated film studies as a discipline. Theorists such as Christian Metz sought to invoke the rational approach of structuralism to counter the romantic subjectivity of auteur theory to this point. The grande syntagmatique that Metz set out in his Essais sur la signification au cinema attempted a totalizing structural theory of cinema. Using Saussure, Metz perceived cinema as a langue, and each individual film as par ole. Hayward (1996, p. 16) reminds us that such an all-encompassing theoretical perspective irreversibly overshadows the texts being examined. In addition, aspects outside the theory get ignored, such as the notion of pleasure and audience reception, and what occurs instead is a crushing of the aesthetic experience through the weight of the theoretical framework (Hayward, 1996, p. 16). As Cook (1985, pp. 61-2) reminds us, contemporary revisions in both Cahiers du Cinema and the British film periodical Movie sought to refocus the author as one of several structures to be considered in establishing the meaning of film, alongside stars, the industry, linguistic concerns, and social factors. Still unexamined, though, were questions of audience and of ideology. The third phase Hayward identifies, that of the influence of 1970s post-structuralist thought on the study of cinema, again demonstrates the extent that understanding of film is indebted to theorists from outside film using the medium to exemplify and examine their approaches. Key to this is Roland Barthes 1968 declaration of the death of the author. The text, Barthes declared, as King (2002, p. 110) quotes, is: not a line of words releasing a single theologial meaning (the message of the Author-God) but a multidimensional place in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centres of culture This definitive rebuttal of the romantic ideal of the director as author has been accompanied by a plurality of theories variously combining, according to the individual theorist. Lacanian psychoanalytic, semiotic, Althusserian Marxist, feminist and deconstructivist approaches have all been applied in combination to this end. As King (2000, p. 111) states, an implicit auteurism remains a convenience for journalism and other film writing and criticism [and] the name of the director remains a potentially useful marketing tool. Phillips (2007) examines Scorseses filmmaking through three main approaches; auteurist, genre and audience studies, concluding that, in order to most fully understand a film and a directors work, a range of tools need to be used: the critical approaches outlined here and applied to New York, New York need to be supplemented by others which explore the relationship between image, sound and their impact on the spectator at more micro levels. British director Stephen Frears is vocal on the subject of auteurism. Fraser (2010) notes how Frears is reticent to see himself as an auteur, preferring instead to have himself seen, as Fraser reports on BBC executive Alan Yentobs description of Frears as the ultimate hired gun. Fraser (2010) goes on to question if one may really speak of a coherent style or, indeed, vision, from the man who made, amid some disasters, successful films as various as The Grifters, Dangerous Liaisons, The Deal, and now Tamara Drewe? The interest for Frears is in the making of films presented to him, rather than exploring personal themes and finding or creating scripts that will permit that exploration. In a recent article (Leigh, 2015) in support of his latest film, the Lance Armstrong biography The Program, this is highlighted, not just by interviewer Danny Leigh, but by Frears as well: As a young film-maker in the 1960s, [Frears] was amused by the rise of the auteur theory, the idea of directors as visionaries. I never believed all that rubbish. I havent had a vision in my life. Auteurist film theories are useful in that they represent a first step towards a theoretical language for cinema, though by themselves they may offer little more than generalities or perhaps an expression of personal preference and taste. The origins of the approach in literature might give auteur theory some initial legitimacy, though it does a disservice to the necessarily collaborative nature of film and of the filmmakers involved in the multiple stages o f conceiving, financing, writing, producing editing and distributing a film to its multiple audiences. Though auteurist identifications may be made, and there may be some usefulness in marketing terms to such links, film is perhaps more complicated than this, and required more nuanced study. Bibliography Cook, P. (1985) The Cinema Book. London: British Film Institute. Fraser, N. (2010) Stephen Frears: Audiences arent fools à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" their judgement is crucial. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/aug/15/stephen-frears-tamara-drewe-interview (Accessed: 4 October 2015). Dangerous Liaisons (1989) Directed by Stephen Frears [Film]. Warner Bros. The Grifters (1991) Directed by Stephen Frears [Film]. Miramax. The Deal (2003) Directed by Stephen Frears [Film]. Granada Productions. Tamara Drewe (2010) Directed by Stephen Frears [Film]. BBC Films. The Program (2015) Directed by Stephen Frears [Film]. Working Title. Hayward, S. (1996) Key Concepts in Cinema Studies. New York: Routledge. King, G. (2002) New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction. London: I B Tauris Co. Lapsley, R. and Westlake, M. (1988) Thinking About Cinema: An Introduction to Contemporary Film Theory. Manchester, UK: St. Martins Press. Leigh, D. (2015) Interview: Stephen Fr ears. Available at: https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/9a1e8f20-6762-11e5-a57f-21b88f7d973f.html (Accessed: 4 October 2015). Mast, G., Cohen, M. and Braudy, L. (eds.) (1992) Film Theory and Criticism: Introductory Readings. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press. Phillips, P. (2007) Genre, star and auteur critical approaches applied to Martin Scorseses New York, New York. Available at: https://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415409285/resources/genrestar.pdf (Accessed: 4 October 2015). Mean Streets (1973) Directed by Martin Scorsese [Film]. Warner Bros. New York, New York (1977) Directed by Martin Scorsese [Film]. United Artists. Goodfellas (1990) Directed by Martin Scorsese [Film]. Warner Bros. Casino (1995) Directed by Martin Scorsese [Film]. Universal Pictures. The Departed (2006) Directed by Martin Scorsese [Film]. Warner Bros. Stoddart, H. (2000) Auteurism and film authorship theory, in Jancovich, M. and Hollows, J. (eds.) Film Studies: A Reader. New York: Ox ford University Press.

The Hall Best Supporting Actor And Edifice For Every...

Heorot Hall: Best Supporting Actor and Edifice For Every Endeavor Anglo-Saxon Brittan 1500 years ago was a harsh time, countless warrior tribes lived with the constant threat of attack. These tribes of Germanic, Scandinavian, and Danish decent relentlessly warred with each other in order to increase their tribe’s influence and wealth. Each tribe was led and cared for by a King. A King’s influence over its neighboring lands was determined by his military might, his wealth, his thanes, and his mead hall. Of these three, the mead hall was the most multifaceted and essential. The Swiss Army knife of buildings, the mead hall was a palace, a dining hall, a bar, and sleeping quarters—a truly essential communal property that was a beacon of light in an unforgiving dark world. It is for this reason Heorot hall, immortalized in the epic poem Beowulf, is the best supporting actor of the tale. Every King has a palace, and in Beowulf, Heorot Hall was King Rathgar’s As a palace, the mead hall would be adorned with carvings, and trophies from conquered or pillaged lands. This enabled the King to display his influence and his tribe’s accomplishments to those that gazed upon the mead hall. Inside, the King would meet with his thanes and honored guests to handle grievances, take vows of fealty, and govern. Fifty meters long, completely enclosed except for an entrance on either end of the hall, and tall, the mead hall offered a sizeable venue for addressing the masses he cared forShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesthis 11th edition. Who would have thought that interest in mistakes would be so enduring? Many of you are past users, a few even for decades. I hope you will find this new edition a worthy successor to earlier editions. I think this may even be my best book. The new Google and Starbucks cases should arouse keen student interest, and may even inspire another generation of entrepreneurs. A fair number of the older cases have faced significant changes in the last few years, for better or for worse

Persian Wars Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E Free Essays

The Persian wars are often compared to the Trojan wars due to the effects they had on Greek history. Athenians who were cultural and politically superior to the Greek considered the wars against Persia as some of the defining and greatest moments in their history (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). Despite the defining effects that the Persian wars had on the history of the Athenian and the Greek, their beginning was nothing big. We will write a custom essay sample on Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E or any similar topic only for you Order Now In mid sixth century BCE, Croesus who was the king of the Lydians took control of all Greek cities along the Asian Minor coast (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). When the Persians conquered the Lydians around 545 BCE all states that were under the Lydians came under the rule of the Persians (McKay, Bennett, Beck, Crowston, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). The Persian approach to leadership was defined by close control and they appointed officials who ruled states under a system that can only be defined as tyrannical. Citizens under the system implemented by the Persians were required to pay extremely high taxes and serve in the Persian army (McKay, Bennett, Buckler, 2003a). Many revolution in history have generally been caused by oppressions and system that are degenerate in terms of social development. The Persian approach to government bore all the classical signs of tyranny and close governance. Under such system the mechanism that will worst affect the weak are made as effective as possible and in the Persian case this was not different. Their most effective system was the tax collection system which collected taxes in a manner that had no bearing on the earning made by individuals and the failure to submit returns could even result in hanging (McKay, Bennett, Buckler, 2003b). The rulers were imposed on the Greeks, Lydians and Athenian and the kind of rule that such leaders used was oppressive. The rulers kept close contact with the events that happened on the ground which is a characteristic of an approach to leadership that is either oppressive or concerned with the welfare of its members; in this case the former was more relevant. The pressure placed by the Persian government led to underground revolution which were propagated by the opportunism of Aristagoras. Aristagoras sought help from the Spartans and Athenians (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008a). The later helped him in though by 495 BCE all rebellious Greek cities has been restored under the Persian government. This did not spell the end of war due to the attention than the Athenians had gotten from Persia for the role they played in the destruction of Ardis. The revenge mission and the expertise that the Athenians had in Hippias who had been a member of the Persian army led to what is referred to as the battle marathon (McKay, Hill, Buckler, Buckley, Wiesner-Hanks, 2008b). By the end of the marathon Greece began an ambitious navy building project due to the influence of Themistocles which propagated the war into a war for supremacy. In summary, the war started by the need for freedom and independence catalyzed by a leaders who was out to fulfill his personal agenda. By gaining support from other states the Persians were defeated due to their lack of commitment to the war. The marathon which served to propagate the Persian war was mainly out of the need for revenge by the Persians and its ‘marathon’ stature is resultant of the resistance the Persians got from the well prepared Athenians and Persians. Towards the end of the war the objective was more about gain of supremacy. In the end, the Athenians got all the glory though the role played by the Spartans in the Persian wars can never be underestimated. How to cite Persian Wars: Cause of the 499-404 B.C.E, Papers

Scanners Essays - Image Scanners, Records Management Technology

Scanners Scanners Over the years the prices of scanners have dropped drastically both in the home and office. With as little as $89.00 dollars anybody can own a scanner. Although a scanner that is purchased for $89.00 may not have all the features or functions that a $1000.00 scanner may have, for home use it will be more than sufficient. Unless you are a graphic artist or a photographer who having the added features and functions, could determine getting your job done, a cheaper scanner will do just fine. With a less expensive scanner you may only be able to scan documents and photographs, while with a more expensive scanner you will be able to scan transparencies, 35 mm film and slides.(http://findarticles.com) Also with a more expensive scanner the speed at which the scanner processes the scanned information is much faster than that of a less inexpensive scanner. Ultimately it is up to you the consumer to decide which scanner is best for you and how much money you are willing or able to spend. I visited a few web sites and look at an inexpensive scanner compared to an expensive scanner, here are the results. Although this next scanner is not your typical scanner I thought it was worth mentioning because it is new and quite unique. The IS-22 Scanner (color image cartridge) is manufactured by Canon. This scanner cartridge is currently priced at $90.77. It is not your typical scanner. When you think of a scanner the typical flatbed scanner or hand-held scanners is what the consumer thinks of in a scanner. This scanner cartridge works with a Canon BJC-4300 Series printers. You will receive a color image scanner cartridge which transforms your printer into a color sheetfed scanner. You can scan mostly everything that a normal inexpensive scanner will scan. It will scan in color, black and white photos, magazine articles, documents and more. This scanner cartridge will save you space and money. To operate the scanner software associated with the BJC-4300 Series printers is quite simple. After loading the scanner cartridge software you are ready to scan. You simply put whatever documents you want to scan in your printer and tell the scanning software what you want to scan. It is that simple. The UMAX PowerLook lll Professional Scanner is a flatbed scanner. The current price for this scanner is $1099.99, it is manufactured by UMAX Computer Corp. The quality of this scanner is impeccable. You will get very realistic images from this scanner. Besides scanning documents and photographs, it will also scan slides, transparencies, negatives, and reflective originals. You can also crop and scan up to 12, 35mm slides. You can scan 35 mm film and the largest document you can scan is 8.5 x 11.7. It also captures fine details in shadow areas. This type of scanner works similar to a copy machine. You simply place whatever information you want to scan onto the bed of the scanner, close the lid and chose to scan the image. Just as with any other type of scanner you can choose to print, save to file or disk, or both.(http://wwwjandr.com) With both scanners you want to make sure that you load the scanning software into your hard drive. A dialog screen will pop up that will help you with the installation of the software. Your scanning equipment will come with directions on how to operate your particular scanner. How to troubleshoot. Numbers to call if you should need technical support.

HR Project Food Technician Essay

HR Project Food Technician Essay HR Project Food Technician Essay Weiners For MIdgets HR Project Food Technician Job Description Mr. Ryan Anderson Mohammed Haj-Ahmed, Vinu Madhavan, Chinyere Kinika Contents Job Description for Wieners for Midgets 3 Summary of Duties: 3 Knowledge/ Skill Section 5 Specific abilities legally required by the job: 5 Working Conditions Section 6 Job Description uses: 6 HR Department Use: 6 Manager’s Use: 7 Chart of Hierarchy: 8 Approvals 9 Job Description for Wieners for Midgets Position Title: Food Technician Reports to: Food Quality Department Supervisor Department: Distribution Division: Mississauga, Ontario Job Description last reviewed: March 1st 2013 Summary of Duties: As a food technician in Wieners for Midgets, you are entailed to follow our Food Health and Safety Act to ensure you are providing exceptional food to the market that is superbly inspected with laboratory tests such as; checking for any bacteria, allergens, toxins, filth, pesticides residue and any other food analysis that impoverishes the quality of food. Additionally, you are forestalled to inspect all incoming and outgoing shipments to check all products are securely sealed, not expired, rotten, no damages to any boxes or products and the correct nutritional value information is assessed to its appropriate product. Last but not least, ensure a clean, sanitized working environment and maintain a positive working atmosphere that’s free from any sort of harassment, provocation and nuisance. Good leadership and communication skills are highly endorsed in this working environment. This is a brief general description of what is expected from you, however, the Job description belo w entails everything that you will be accountable for in this job. Food Technician Duties: 1. Standardized qualitative tests that assess external factors such as appearance size, shape, colour, gloss, consistency, texture, and flavour. Additionally you need to conduct quantitative tests that need the use of a laboratory that assess internal chemical, physical, microbial features of the product or food to ensure that the food or beverage products are acceptable, healthy, nutritious, and salubrious for any consumer. 2. Ensure the quality and functionality of manufactured goods by operating physical and chemical analysis. Some include but not limited to; pH, water content, loss on drying, density, neutralizing capacity, dimensions, disintegration, dissolution. 3. Perform visual inspections such as inspecting the carrier to verify suitability for the intended cargo cleanliness, dryness, ventilation, cargo separation. Moreover, to look for any damage, unsafe packaging, or hazardous materials that could potentially harm the food. 4. Review final products to ensure the quality specifications such as are met. For instance you can do a check on packing, marking and labeling, manufacture dates, batch numbers, expiry dates, shipping marks, packing lists, supplier certificates and labels 5. Use test equipment such as a. Food chemistry analysis, such as moisture, fat, protein, pH, salt, minerals, sugar, contaminants, and more. b. Food microbiology analysis, such as Lactobacillus, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Listeria, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast, mold etc. c. Food nutrition analysis, such as nutritional value, daily value% etc d. Food allergen analysis, such as peanut, egg, soy, and other allergens. e. Natural food toxin analysis, such as histamine and fumosin for safety and training purposes and moreover, to evaluate products to determine if they’re healthy, beneficial and nourishing. Food Quality Duties: 1. Monitoring the workplace to ensure no broken glass is neglected, shipments are inspected, food is placed in freezers or put in places according to the temperature required to sustain and keep the food healthy, no cross-contamination occurs, products are sealed and open products or broken ones are disposed away correctly, and lastly, to make sure the work place is sanitized frequently; every 30

List of the Ten Least Visited National Parks

List of the Ten Least Visited National Parks The United States is home to 58 different national parks and over 300 units or areas such as national monuments and national seashores that are protected by the National Park Service. The first national park to come into existence in the U.S. was Yellowstone (located in Idaho, Montana and Wyoming) on March 1, 1872. Today, it is one of the most visited parks in the country. Other popular parks in the U.S. include Yosemite in California, the Grand Canyon in Arizona and the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina.Each of these parks sees millions of visitors each year. There are many other national parks in the U.S. however that receive far fewer annual visitors. The following is a list of the ten least visited national parks through August 2009. The list is arranged by the number of visitors in that year and begins with the least visited park in the U.S. Information was obtained from the Los Angeles Times article, Americas Hidden Gems: The 20-Least Crowded National Parks in 2009.1) Kobuk Valley National ParkNumber of Visitors: 1,250Location: Alaska2) National Park of American SamoaNumber of Visitors: 2,412Location: American Samoa3) Lake Clark National Park and PreserveNumber of Visitors: 4,134Location: Alaska4) Katmai National Park and PreserveNumber of Visitors: 4,535Location: Alaska5) Gates of the Arctic National Park and PreserveNumber of Visitors: 9,257Location: Alaska6) Isle Royale National ParkNumber of Visitors: 12,691Location: Michigan7) North Cascades National ParkNumber of Visitors: 13,759Location: Washington8) Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and PreserveNumber of Visitors: 53,274Location: Alaska9) Great Basin National ParkNumber of Visitors: 60,248Location: Nevada10) Congaree National ParkNumber of Visitors: 63,068Location: South CarolinaTo learn more about national parks, visit the official website of the National Park Service. References Ramos, Kelsey. (n.d.). Americas Hidden Gems: The 20 Least Crowded National Parks in 2009. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from: latimes.com/travel/la-tr-national-parks-least-visited-pg,0,1882660.photogallery

RELATIONSHIPS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

RELATIONSHIPS - Essay Example We grew up with him for seven years and became the best of friends. Bruno became my playmate and he even learnt to ride a skate board with me. He seemed to have intelligence above that of a dog, not because he was a trained pet but because he had developed human emotional reflexes. Whenever I was sick and could not go out to play, he would lay there beside me as if to say â€Å"you will be ok buddy†. The relationship we had with Bruno was considered weird by many people. I would sit on the front porch at night under the stars, stroke his smooth coat and share a lot of stories with Bruno. I knew he would not talk back but the replies were in his soft whining and the look he had in his eyes. When my family went camping, I always insisted on carrying him along instead of leaving him behind. When I was nine years old, Bruno sadly died after falling ill, the Vet said he could not be saved. This made me sad, I cried and mourned over my departed friend before we buried him in our back yard. I still hold dear the friendship I had with my Bruno the Rottweiler I still believe had a human

Anthropocene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropocene - Essay Example uction as one of the many activities that human beings involve themselves in on earth has also contributed to the many changes that has been experienced on earth over the last 200 years. For example, in most construction, cement is always used. Studies have proved that the use of cement leads to omission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. A single tone of cement is believed to have the ability of producing a huge amount of carbon dioxide. Carbon emission is the highest contributor to global warming (Zalasiewicz, Williams, Smith, Barry, Coe, Bown & Stone, 2008). Over the last 200 years, it can be noticed that human construction activities have highly increased. There are more people undertaking construction using cement in the modern world as compared to 200 years ago. The mining of substances such as limestone for the manufacture of cement is also believed to have interfered with the earth’s topography in the last 200 years. A look at the places where mining of limestone tak es place will surely prove the effect of the mining to the land’s topography. There has been a great transformation of the earth’s surface over the last 200 years. Most of the cities that are well known in the modern world were not there some 200 years ago. In short, it can be said that cities and human settlements are the dominants of the landscape. All these are attributed to the construction activities that human beings have involved themselves in the last 200 years. In the process of building new cities and human settlements, it is evident that human beings were doing away with the natural vegetation that was covering the earth at that moment. Apart from the natural vegetation there were also the inhabitants of the natural vegetation who had to be displaced as a result of such developments (Smith & Zeder, 2013). The displaced animals had either to adapt to a new kind of life or end up being distinct. The clearing of natural vegetation has also led to an increase in global

Spiritual War :: essays research papers

War is any active hostility, contention, or struggle. Throughout our lives we wage a constant mental war. This 'spiritual'; war is a languid process that shapes our lives and engenders many journeys in life. Conflict arises within our vibrant minds through decisions and emotions that we make from a day to day basis. This battlefield promotes failure and success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decisions make up the main bulk of our inner conflict. In making a decision, two possible situations come to mind--one can either do this or that. The decisions can either be one of great complexity or a fairly simple one. An example of a complex decision can be the choice to take or refuse drugs if asked by a peer to use them. By refusing to take the drugs it shows self-confidence and strong character. A simple decision can be thinking of what to have for lunch. Complex or simple, regret accompanies the wrong choice. One fine example from the novel A Separate Peace comes when Gene made the decision to jounce the limb and make Finny fall from the tree. This, in the end, caused much of Gene's regret and ignorance because it finished Finny's athletic career and later causes Finny to die. Another decision in the novel came when Finny forgave Gene. Even though Gene ruined Finny's life, Finny made the hard choice to forgive and forget what Gene had done. The human mind is a cave swarming with a multifarious amount of emotions, from love to misery. Of all the emotions, misery becomes the greatest battle we wage in our war. We are most vulnerable to misery and depression. In one point in time we will come up against misery. Learning to cope with misery becomes one of the hardest stages in life. Misery is a hole that we must learn to climb out of. By continuing to remain miserable only digs this hole deeper and deeper until we are unable to get out. For example, in A Separate Peace, Finny dealt with his misery of a broken leg and no sports, by telling Gene to play sports for him. Another major fight going through our mind is against jealousy. Jealousy, no matter the amount, makes up the minds insidious side. The side that drives us to hurt others, like when Gene's jealousy drove him to cause Finny fall off the tree.

The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are grateful to Ms. Asma Hyder who was a great help in the project. She was always available to help us with the problem areas. She took out time for us at all times, putting her work aside therefore we thank her for the effort she has put into our project. Her encouragement has always inspired us as she helped us whenever we needed her help. She helped us in our problem areas all the time. It would have been a difficult task having to do our project without her help. Executive Summary: This report starts with the introduction of unemployment followed by the explanations of various types of unemployment. The report also contains the objective for doing the project and motivation behind doing research on this particular topic. The major portion of the report contains the data and its analysis which is done with the help of bar graphs . It also contains the reasons for increased unemployment and the consequences that Pakistan is facing due to increased unemployment. Some of the major governmental policies have also been discussed in this report and the effect of those policies. In the end a brief conclusion of the research work has also been given. The tables giving comparison of unemployment with age, sex and provinces are provided in the annexure. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION:4 PRESENT SITUATION6 OBJECTIVE:8 MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC:8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY:9 LITERATURE REVIEW10 DATA12 Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age13 Required data:17 ANALYSIS19 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE20 Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart21 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE22 Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart22 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE23 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE25 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE26 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE27 CONCLUSION:30 GOVERNMENT POLICIES:32 PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT:33 REFERENCES:37 ANNEXURE39 INTRODUCTION: Unemployment refers to the inability for willing workers to find gainful employment. The degree of unemployment in a nation is one indicator of the economic health of the country. Many factors can negatively affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers, implementation of automation technologies, and job outsourcing to other nations. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT: Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geographical location, skills, and many other factors. Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment also known as demand deficient unemployment occurs when there is not enough aggregate demand in the economy. This is caused by a business cycle recession and wages not falling to meet the equilibrium rate. Frictional Unemployment It represents people who are temporarily unemployed because they are in between jobs. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs because of the seasonal nature of some jobs (fruit pickers) Underemployed It refers to people who are working less than full-time hours but would like to work longer Long-term Unemployed These are people who have been unemployed for longer than 12 months. Hard core Unemployment: These are people who are unemployed due to their personal, mental or physical characteristics. Major Causes of Unemployment in PAKISTAN from Past to Present: 1. Employment in the private sector absolutely stopped because they shifted their capital to other countries because of nationalization of industrial units which badly affected the investment industrial sector. 2. The higher growth rate of population is the major cause of unemployment in Pakistan. The resources of the country are limited because population has exceeded the optimum level. . Karachi is the biggest industrial base of Pakistan, but investors are reluctant to invest there because of unrest and violence. 4. Our educational system is also responsible for increasing unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the choice of a career is unrealistic and unproductive. Rapid mechanization and computer technology also causing unemployment. 5. Lack of infrastructure and facilities in the field of energy, telecommunication and transportation also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. . Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in Pakistan 7. The government is not involving in capital expenditures which create more jobs. 8. Main issue of unemployment in our country is that when ever a new technology comes as software or hardware then all the people start to learn that. Then at the end, you will see tens of thousands of students of a particular field against about 5 to 10 job vacancies. 9. Things are not handled in appropriate manner, as the vacancies are less but job seekers are more than that. 10. Opportunities are not enough and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company needs employees then workers of that company will provide resume of their relatives and friends thereby influencing employment decisions, so in this way many people don’t get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. 11. Lastly, our country’s present law and order situation is proving very detrimental to the investment climate and is one of the main hindrances for achieving employment goals which need immediate remedy PRESENT SITUATION: Unemployment is a growing problem of every nation. Pakistan has reached a critical stage and joblessness is increasing daily. Moreover, downsizing in many government offices and within the private sector have exacerbated the problem Economists caution that unemployment is likely to grow at a more rapid pace in the years ahead. â€Å"Half the population is below 18 years of age,† â€Å"So entry into the labour force is fairly high and therefore the labour force growth numbers and the unemployment growth numbers will be very high. † Also the female participation in the labour force is amongst the lowest in Asia and comparable only to Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the labour force survey, the crude activity rate (which measures the percentage of labour force in the total population) stands at 9. 3 percent for women compared to 47. 6 percent for men. ?Latest Unemployment Rates in Pakistan: Unemployment Rates? Using Bar Chart: Unemployment Rates? Using Line Chart: OBJECTIVE: This topic has been selected with the objective of finding out what are the reasons that are behind increased unemployment in Pakistan. This objective led us towards the start of our project because unemployment is not a single dilemma of our country it has deep influence on other economic factors. Unemployment has a relation with inflation, GDP, country’s export which we are aim to find how this impact is going to effect and had affected our economy from past. Moreover our objective is to look at how we can improve the situation and how can we create unemployment in our country which will not be beneficial at macro but also effect at the micro level of our country. MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC: Unemployment is not a single problem it is related to many other problems that poorly impact the economic growth. Unemployment affects the social cost which includes increasing poverty, personal hardships, depression, decay of unused skills, and increase in crime as well as family disputes. In a nutshell, level of dissatisfaction rises higher and higher among unemployed people. In order to reduce the percentage of unemployment from our society we have planned to work on this issue as we have observed that the percentage of unemployment is increasing remarkably in our rural as well as urban areas. Secondly we are motivated that may be we provide our government and employers with some helpful suggestions that will increase the employment ratio. Keeping in view the present economic conditions prevalent in Pakistan in which country faces high inflation due to gap between revenues and expenses. It is suggested that Pakistan should pursue generating enough revenues, so as to meet its local and international commitments, needs to use its human resource or reduce unemployment by setting up new projects which can generate economic stimulus and thereby reduce gap between revenues and expenses which will impact other economic fundamentals. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY: Total duration: 12-weeks First Phase (3-weeks): Research from the Secondary data sources such as research journals HEC’s Digital Library Online Directories Economic Survey of Pakistan National Bureau of Statistics etc. Second Phase (5-weeks): Analysis of the collected data which will include Causes of Unemployment Effects of Unemployment on Economy Past trends how unemployment percentage increases and what are the factors behind them Representation of the trends through charts. Organization of the researched material Application of Statistical tools on the collected secondary data Third Phase (3-weeks): Interpretation based on the Statistical Analysis Conclusion LITERATURE REVIEW Kakwani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006). This paper deal with the method of unemployment. The author say we should also take those people in account who are earning below substances level of income in the labour market. The proposed methodology was applied to Brazil’s unit record household survey for the period starting from 1995 to 2004. According to author those people who r underpaid also consider themselves unemployed, because they are working only to survive. Unemployment is generally defined as not working or working few hours but if a person works voluntarily but earns a lot of money then he/she should not be considered as unemployed. In this article a new method is introduced that combines two aspects of labour market (unemployment and under employment) and arrives at a new index of unemployment that satisfy certain desirable properties. Marvin, D. Krohn (1999). This article is based on the correlation analyses of two variable namely unequal distribution of income and the unemployment which are becoming the major causes of crime. The result when further tested indicated that there exists a moderate positive relationship between unemployment and homicide rates, however a small negative relationship is observed between unemployment rates and total crime rates. When these results were investigated further to see if some relationship were due to the effects of industrialization or because of some other factors it was observed that the zero order correlation among the total crime rates are not changed. The details of these results are also discussed in the reference of the article. K. Rukhsana (2003). In this paper explores the factors responsible for unemployment in Pakistan. It is hypothesized that population and GDP exerts strong impact on Pakistan’s economy. Direct relationship is assumed to hold between unemployment and population. In this article 13 year data is taken for analysis on which regression is run to obtain the required results. According to the results that were obtained it could be concluded that radical increase in population will remove the employment opportunity and in order to reduce unemployment rate high growth in GDP is suggested. Therefore In order to bring employment opportunities in the country government should look on to the two areas i. e. control population and work in direction that would result in GDP. Hyder , A. (2007) This article is based on the unemployment is rising with striking proportion majorly because of the appeal of the public sector jobs , not in terms of wages , but surprisingly in terms of fringe benefits. People avoid the private sector despite lucrative packages being offered and tend to form long queues in wait for the public sector jobs. The basic elements supporting such impractical decisions are the cultural trends, financial dependency on parents even at later ages, and low movement of individuals from one place to another also makes them feel well-settled and satisfied, saving them from acute unemployment stress. These factors effectively support an individual’s unemployment status for the longer time duration. Regarding to the greater availability of public sector jobs in the urban areas these issues are definitely more significant there. Ghayur, S (1996) says 5% is the unemployment percentage and absorption capacity is 3%. Those employed, quarter of them find work to meet half their subsistence requirements. A tenth find their work cannot keep them busy more than 35 hours a week. There are long working hours , working conditions are poor and hazardous to health. Free trade regime is direct threat to employment safety. Labour laws are fragmented and child labour is widespread. Labour force is estimated at 34. 74 million (1993-94). Males account for 94% of labour force between the ages of 24-54 years. About 16. 8% boys and 6. 9% girls of the age group 10-14 comprise labour force. There is widespread unemployment and those that employed are under paid, working in poor conditions and have labour laws that can’t protect them. There is great potential for employment sectors such as agriculture to further increase their employment percentages as they are under employing labour force as discussed in the preceding paragraphs. DATA Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Table I Table II Table III Table IV Graph of the Unemployment Rates: Sex and Age Graph I Graph II Graph III The above three graphs represent relation of unemployment with age and sex. From the above graph we have concluded that the percentage of unemployment is minimum for men between age 35-39 from year 1999-2007. Whereas the age group representing lowest percentage of unemployment among females is 45-49 from 1999-2004. However then unemployment in the women between age group of 35-39 showed lowest percentage from 2004-07. Required data: From the above tables and graphs we seperated the figures that meet our needs and transformed them into separate tables which are given below( The graphical analysis of this data is in the analysis Part). Table-I UNEMPLOYMENT AND GDP Table-II UNEMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT Table-III UNEMPLOYMENT AND EXPORTS Table-IV UNEMPLOYMENT,INFLATION,EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS BACKGROUND: We have selected three basic variables for analysis of unemployment rate over last 9 years. These include GDP growth, Investment and Exports. There are line and bar chart analysis of unemployment rate with all these three variables as well. In the end we have also conducted analysis of unemployment rate with respect to province, rural/urban and age wise. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE Comparison of GDP with unemployment using frequency curve Comparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of GDP Growth Rate: Increase in GDP growth rate shall cause overall decrease in unemployment rate. It can be seen from above graphical analysis on the collected data that from year 1999 to 2001 there was a decrease in GDP resulting in an increase in unemployment. i. e. lesser the growth of economy means lesser number of jobs thus increased unemployment. But as during the period of 2001-2002 Musharraf government took some drastic steps like creating jobs in IT sector thus there was a decrease in unemployment despite decrease in GDP and investment. On the other hand there was a steady growth in GDP from year 2002 onwards especially growth of services sector which included telecom, transport etc. , resulting in decreased unemployment. When Musharraf’s regime had established itself as stable government to the rest of the world especially after the first elections the economy of the Pakistan was at its peak. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. In 2005, the World Bank named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Investment Growth Rate: Increase in investment will cause a decrease in unemployment. It can be seen that there was an increase in investment for years 1999-2001 but even then unemployment increased due to the fact that as the investment is always committed first and jobs are created later. But increase in investment had started to impact decrease in unemployment after year 2001 onwards. Overall there was a increase in investment thereby decreasing unemployment as it is clearly evident from the line and bar charts. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE Comparison of export growth rate with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Export Growth Rate: Increase in exports will cause a decrease in unemployment as more jobs are created for export related activities. It is observed from the collected data’s graphical analysis that exports for the year 1999-2000 registered a negative growth of -9. 8% thus there was a resultant increase in unemployment for the same period. But for the year 2000-2001 there was a high growth of 10. % in exports met by decrease in unemployment in later years. Exports continued to keep a same level of growth from 2001 to 2003 with almost 0 % growth for year 2002-2003 as compared to previous year. Thus there was an overall decrease in unemployment. But for the year 2003 when exports registered -0. 7 % growth there was a simultaneous increase in unemployment. For the rest of the years Pakistan did not register any negative export growth thus unemploy ment as a whole also decreased. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates in provinces Analysis of Unemployment Rate Province Wise: From the above graphical analysis we can see that in 1999 the unemployment was very high as compared to 2007. The reduction in the province wise unemployment is the result of overall reduction in unemployment all around the Pakistan. As Pakistan was recording high GDP growth rates from 2003-04 to 2006-07, overall the economy of the Pakistan was on the rise. The political and law and order enforcement situation was very stable, the Telecom sector was expanding a great deal in all the provinces which was creating a lot of jobs. During this period there were many public sector development programs in progress especially in underdeveloped areas which were offering jobs. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates rural and urban areas Analysis of Unemployment Rate Rural/Urban Wise: From the above bar diagram we can see that unemployment from 1999-00 to 2006-07 in both rural and urban areas decreased from 8. 1 to 4. 75% and from 10. 2 to 6. 7% respectively. In 1999 Pervez Musharraf took over the Government, because of which most of the countries in the world stopped supporting Pakistan and Pakistan had to suffer a lot of crises. When this govt. got stable and the countries of the world started to open up their relations with Pakistan then there was a lot of aid coming from all the developed countries which stabilized Pakistan’s financial condition. After 9/11 Afghan war also started and Pakistan got a lot of financial support from USA and many other countries of the world which acted as a cushion to Pakistan’s external and internal account deficit conditions thereby allowing spending to other developmental projects in rural and urban areas so as to reduce overall unemployment. From 2003 onwards there was a Telecom and IT boom in Pakistan. Musharraf Govt had steadily risen developmental spending from 2003 onwards, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for developmental projects in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social structure. Even the reconstruction of the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 created a lot of jobs for the people of Pakistan who contributed in different ways. During this period govt. was stable and there was peace all over the country, so there was a lot of investment committed to Telecom sector which created many jobs for the urban population. Also govt. ook many projects on its own to computerize almost all the ministries and associated departments like NADRA which also increased opportunities for computer literate persons. Many people started their own businesses in big cities which resulted in creating job opportunities for many people. Because of these reasons there was noticeable decrease in unemployment all around the Pakistan. ANAL YSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE 3-D bar chart showing unemployment with respect to age and gender in different years Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Where: F= Cumulative Frequency. Analysis of Unemployment Rate Age Wise: It can be seen that overall unemployment rates are highest for 60 years and above age group as it is retirement age and very few jobs exist if any for such a age group in the country. Followed by this group, the high unemployment rate is in the age group of 10 to 19 years of age. Also such people are either employed in such sectors which fall in child abuse or not employed at all. Unemployment rate is lowest for 30 to 49 years of age group people. As such a age group has gone through enough of hard time and gained enough experience so as to ultimately find some good stable job and settle. On the other hand age group people of 20 to 29 years of age have high unemployment rate due to the above mentioned settling process that they are in. But still there are more job opportunities for 20 to 29 years of age group age group than 10-19 years of age group thus overall lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSION: Since unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan and the level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed. Increasing output of general education institutions is the major cause of educated young men’s unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. We have also concluded that the high share of highly educated unemployed person indicate a lack of sufficient professional and high level technical jobs. Another variable that could be impacting this ratio in a positive way is that many qualified jobseekers might be accepting employment below their skill level, or underemployment. It is interesting to note that the levels of education of unemployed females are relatively high. When looking at the unemployment rates by education level, women have seen a significant decline in levels below intermediate, but only a minor drop in the rate at degree level since 1999. There are several possible explanations for this. One explanation, as reflected in employment by status and employment by sector indicators, points at labour market segregation along gender lines, which is confirmed by research on the occupational distribution of the employed disaggregated by sex ( Nasir, 2005). Therefore, barriers may prevent women from obtaining employment in high skilled jobs for which they are qualified at (PET, 2007). Another explanation for the relatively high educational attainment levels of female unemployed is a mismatch between the skills required and those supplied. Indicators regarding the (pre employment) educational attainment of the labour force are not sufficient to assess the extent to which the education and training system provides the skills that are required by the economy. Moreover no career guidance, lack of awareness regarding available jobs, high expectations without commensurate experience, little understanding of work ethics and the weak economy. This situation can be improved by small enterprise development (SED) activities, entrepreneurial and technical skills, increased financial resources and management skills, and increased participation of women in economic activities providing more income for the family as compared to a single breadwinner. Government has initiated many unemployment reduction programs some of them worked but not to large extent ,if these programs had worked there will be not only increased unemployment but also decrease in poverty will be observed as people get more jobs poverty will be eliminated from the society. Due to increased terrorist attacks uncertainty has also increased and many multinational and foreign companies are not willing to set up their business in Pakistan this had also hindered the opportunities of unemployment. GOVERNMENT POLICIES: The most important fundamental right is none else than the availability of a productive work opportunity to the able and willing to work citizen of a country. Recognition of this right is duly acknowledged in the Constitution of Pakistan. The article 38 of the Constitution states that â€Å"the State shall provide for all citizens †¦. facilities for work and adequate livelihood with reasonable rest and leisure†. In fact, the state is also required to provide social security by compulsory social insurance as well as basic necessities of life to those permanently or temporarily unable to earn livelihood. The Government is pursuing policies that motivate and promote the private sector, whereby its role is expanded in employment augmenti ng activities. Though the private sector is responding, the growth is largely concentrated in the informal sector. The informal sector is not preferred as it has low wages and largely poor working conditions. In rural areas, agriculture is the mainstay but the average land holdings are small and corporate farming as yet to take grounds. †¢Making employment central in economic and social policy making, †¢ †¢Emphasis on both the quantity and quality of jobs generated in the economy. †¢Increasing employment intensity of growth and creation of decent employment through appropriate macro, trade, labor market and sectoral policies. †¢Strengthen institutions to create an efficient and equitable labor market. Active involvement of employers’ and workers’ organizations and civil society in formulation of employment policy. †¢Create favorable conditions for growth of the private sector especially SMEs and other labor absorbing sectors. †¢Create a competitive and productive world class labor force, and Strengthen institutional machinery for employment policy making, HRD and monitoring labor market development PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT: The Public Sector Development Program (PSDP) for the fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over 2003-04 PSDP of Rs 160 billion. Since the focus of PSDP for 2004-05 has been on accelerating growth, increased funds for PSDP would mean enhancing public sector investment to generate employment thus raising overall growth. Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labor Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, has been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritize them on market demand and to facilitate the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. These councils have met the diversified training needs of the industrial and commercial sectors and have trained 46, 674 persons so far. Technical and vocational training enhances the employability of the work force. There are 315 training institutes under NTB across Pakistan, which also includes all TEVTA institutions in Punjab. They offer vocational courses in 80 trades and the net output capacity of these institutions is 150,000 per year. At present the training capacity of 28,050 trainees is available under the Technical Education and Vocational Training Authority (TEVTA) Punjab and the other Provincial Directorates of Manpower and Training. Besides 8807 apprentices are being trained under the Apprenticeship Training Program in the country. A Ten Year Perceptive Development Plan for the period 2001-11 is under implementation and accelerating GDP growth and reducing unemployment are among its major goals. This plan envisages creating 11. 3 million new job opportunities through investment of Rs. 11287 billion during the Plan period. As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5. 1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 604 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05. On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1. 99 percent in 2003-04, has declined to 1. 9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8. 3 percent in 2001-02 to 7. 7 percent in 2003-04. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) represents a signifying component of Pakistan’s economy in terms of value. They are highly labor intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labor force. The growth of SMEs has mainly been hampered by the non-availability of credit in the past. Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing program for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. The SME Bank was established on January, 1, 2002 with the primary objective of providing financial assistance and business support to small and medium enterprises. A large number of SMEs are being financed under its program lending scheme namely â€Å"Hunarmand Pakistan Scheme† in such businesses as fan manufacturing, cutlery, manufacturing, surgical instruments, doctors and dentists clinic, women entrepreneurs, CNG stations, auto looms, auto parts manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, motorcycle rickshaws etc. Up to 31st January 2005 the SME Bank financed 4522 SMEs and disbursed loans amounting to Rs. 3031. 57 million and has been successful in creating 9044 employment opportunities in the country. Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 – a microfinance institution – under a public-private partnership program. It has also encouraged private sector to setup microfinance banks in Pakistan. So far three microfinance banks have become operational during 2001-04. Two applications for setting up microfinance banks in private sector are under process for licensing. The outreach of these four institutions has increased to half a million households in just 4-5 years. In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs. 4. 5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provide substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy. The sector, through linkages effect with about 40 building material industries, supports investment and growth climate and help reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor households. During the last two years, the government has taken various budgetary and non-budgetary measures, which are now yielding positive results. Construction activity in Pakistan is booming; demand for construction-related materials has surged. Many national and international real estate developers have launched or launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country. Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8. 2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years. Economic growth is the engine of employment generation and poverty alleviation. In order to sustain this spectacular pace of growth and maintain healthy and vigorous macroeconomic indicators would require a prolonged period of macroeconomic stability, financial discipline, and consistent and transparent policies. These, along with improved governance and better quality infrastructure would encourage private sector to play a leading role in promoting investment and growth. The government on its part must identify and promote sectors, which are considered not only to be the major drivers of growth but also have the greatest potential of creating more employment opportunities. Since it took almost a decade for unemployment and poverty to reach at this level, it would be unreasonable to expect that both unemployment and poverty will decline in the short-run. But this does not mean that it is an unattainable objective. REFERENCES: Ghayur,S (1996) Labour Market Issues in Pakistan: Unemployment, working Condition, and Child Labour, the Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Vol. 35 (4), pages 789-803. Hyder, A (2007) â€Å"Preference for Public Sector –Jobs and Wait Unemployment†, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, (Working Paper No20). K. Rukhsana (2003), Population and Unemployment: A Dilemma to Resolve,† The Icfai University Journal of Applied Economics â€Å"Vol: 3 August, pp. 7-15. Kakawani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006), A Note on Measuring Unemploymentâ€Å"International Poverty center, United Nation Develop Program†. September2006 (Working Paper No 28). Marvin D. Krohn (1999), Inequality, Unemployment and Crime: A Cross-National Analysis, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 303-313. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2001-02), Labour Force Survey 2001-02, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2003-04), Labour Force Survey 2003-04, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-06), Labour Force Survey 2005-06, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2006-07), Labour Force Survey 2006-07, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Papua†What is unemployment†. Online posting 18 November 2007. Reader Responses, Wise Geek Journal http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-unemployment. htm 2. Jobs in Pakistan, Jobs in Middle East† Berozgar job article section Friday, June 13th, 2008 at 11:44 am, December 22, 2008 http://bayrozgar. com/blog/2008/06/13/pakistan-unemployment-causes-and-solutions/ 3. †Pakistan unemployment rate†CIA world factbook 16 May 2008, December 22,2008 http://indexmundi. com/pakistan/unemployment_rate. html ANNEXURE Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Civilian Labour Force Employed and Unemployed: Pakistan and Provinces Table-1 Table-2 Table -3 Table-4 Distribution of Population: Education and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Unemployment Rates by Area and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3

Flawed Method At The Heart Of Scientific Communication

Peer Reviewed Journal Articles -A flawed method at the heart of scientific communication The publication of scientific work lies at the core of scientific communication [1]. Scientists communicate their new research or studies to their audience by publishing their work in scholarly journals and books. Moreover, students of science and other disciplines that are not from the area of expertise and that are unfamiliar with the given topic must be able to trust in the credibility of articles published in journals and books. A common process that controls the high quality of scientific publication is called ‘peer review’, which ensures that the published work has met the specific standards of a given discipline, a process that usually begins†¦show more content†¦A survey conducted by Ware showed that a majority of authors (91%) believed that peer review led to significant improvements in their last published paper [13]. More than half of them agreed that the peer review effectively identified weaknesses and flaws in their manuscript (i.e. scientific errors, language and poor reference) [13]. Peer-reviewed journal articles are credible be cause experts deem the information therein to be error free and unlikely to be wrong. For example, in July 2012, a team of scientists from European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) announced a discovery of a particle matching the property of Higgs boson predicted by the standard model of physics [14*]. Initially, CERN was unsure whether the newly discovered particle is actually the Higgs boson, probably because the model physics only has one undiscovered particle remaining [15]. After CERN’s announcement, two papers describing their finding were submitted to a journal Physics Letters B. In September 2012, both papers passed peer review and are accepted as being actual science. Condliffe said in his article that now the researchers are confident in their findings and it would be a rare chance for this new discovery to be wrong [16]. This example shows that peer review reduces the uncertainty involved in scientific work. Although all the science contains uncertainty and how to communicate such uncertainty is always the biggest problem for scientists [19], peer